System and method for liquefaction of natural gas

ABSTRACT

Systems and methods are provided for the production of liquefied natural gas. At least one of the systems may include a plurality of compression assemblies in fluid communication with a precooler assembly. One compression assembly may be a part of a precooling loop and may include at least one compressor driven by a variable or fixed speed motor. Another compression assembly may be part of a liquefaction loop and may include at least one pair of compressors, each compressor driven by a respective turbine. The liquefaction loop may be fluidly coupled to a main heat exchanger utilized to liquefy at least a portion of a feed gas stream containing natural gas flowing through the main heat exchanger, thereby producing liquefied natural gas.

BACKGROUND

The combustion of conventional fuels, such as gasoline and diesel, has proven to be essential in a myriad of industrial processes. The combustion of gasoline and diesel, however, may often be accompanied by various drawbacks including increased production costs and increased carbon emissions. In view of the foregoing, recent efforts have focused on alternative fuels with decreased carbon emissions, such as natural gas, to combat the drawbacks of combusting conventional fuels. In addition to providing a “cleaner” alternative fuel with decreased carbon emissions, combusting natural gas may also be relatively safer than combusting conventional fuels. For example, the relatively low density of natural gas allows it to safely and readily dissipate to the atmosphere in the event of a leak. In contrast, conventional fuels (e.g., gasoline and diesel) have a relatively high density and tend to settle or accumulate in the event of a leak, which may present a hazardous and potentially fatal working environment for nearby operators.

While utilizing natural gas may address some of the drawbacks of conventional fuels, the storage and transport of natural gas often prevents it from being viewed as a viable alternative to conventional fuels. Accordingly, natural gas is routinely converted to liquefied natural gas (LNG) via one or more thermodynamic processes. The thermodynamic processes utilized to convert natural gas to LNG may often include circulating one or more refrigerants (e.g., single mixed refrigerants, duel mixed refrigerants, etc.) through a refrigerant cycle. While various thermodynamic processes have been developed for the production of LNG, conventional thermodynamic processes may often fail to produce LNG in quantities sufficient to meet increased demand. Further, the complexity of the conventional thermodynamic processes may often make the production of LNG cost prohibitive and/or impractical. For example, the production of LNG via conventional thermodynamic processes may often require the utilization of additional and/or cost-prohibitive equipment (e.g., compressors, heat exchangers, etc.). The document “A 6MTPA train concept using the propane pre-cooled mixed refrigerant technology” published in IP.COM Journal, IP.COM Inc., West Henrietta, N.Y., US, on May 10, 2012, describes an exemplary liquefaction system for natural gas.

What is needed, then, is an improved, simplified liquefaction system and method for producing liquefied natural gas (LNG).

SUMMARY

Embodiments of this disclosure may provide a liquefaction system. The liquefaction system may include a first heat exchanger, a first compression assembly, a second compression assembly, and a precooler assembly. The first heat exchanger may be configured to receive a natural gas stream from a natural gas source and cool at least a first portion of the natural gas stream to liquefied natural gas. The first compression assembly may be fluidly coupled to the first heat exchanger and configured to circulate a first refrigerant through the first heat exchanger to cool the first portion of the natural gas stream to the liquefied natural gas. The first compression assembly may include a plurality of first refrigerant compressors configured to compress the first refrigerant, and a plurality of turbines configured to drive the plurality of first refrigerant compressors. The precooler assembly may be fluidly coupled to the first compression assembly and the first heat exchanger and configured to cool the natural gas stream and the first refrigerant compressed by the plurality of first refrigerant compressors prior to the natural gas stream entering the first heat exchanger. The precooler assembly may include a plurality of chillers configured to transfer thermal energy from the first refrigerant and the natural gas stream to a second refrigerant. The second compression assembly may be fluidly coupled to the precooler assembly. The second compression assembly may include a plurality of second refrigerant compressors configured to compress the second refrigerant and circulate the second refrigerant to the plurality of chillers. The second compression assembly may also include a plurality of drivers. Each driver may be coupled to at least one of the second refrigerant compressors and configured to drive at least one of the second refrigerant compressors. The first refrigerant may be a single mixed refrigerant. The plurality of first refrigerant compressors may comprise six refrigerant compressors. The plurality of turbines may comprise six turbines, each turbine being coupled to a respective first refrigerant compressor. At least one turbine may be an aeroderivative gas turbine, and at least one other turbine may be an industrial gas turbine.

Embodiments of this disclosure not according to the present invention may provide another liquefaction system. The liquefaction system may include a plurality of liquefaction subsystems. Each liquefaction subsystem of the plurality of liquefaction subsystems may be configured to receive a portion of a natural gas stream from a natural gas source. Each liquefaction subsystem may include a heat exchanger, a first compression assembly, a second compression assembly, and a precooler assembly. The heat exchanger may be configured to receive the portion of natural gas stream from the natural gas source and cool at least a fraction of the portion of the natural gas stream to liquefied natural gas. The first compression assembly may be fluidly coupled to the heat exchanger and configured to circulate a first refrigerant through the heat exchanger to cool the fraction of the portion of the natural gas stream to the liquefied natural gas. The first compression assembly may include a plurality of first refrigerant compressors configured to compress the first refrigerant, and a plurality of turbines configured to drive the plurality of first refrigerant compressors. The precooler assembly may be fluidly coupled to the first compression assembly and the heat exchanger and configured to cool the portion of the natural gas stream and the first refrigerant compressed by the plurality of first refrigerant compressors prior to the portion of the natural gas stream entering the heat exchanger. The precooler assembly may include a plurality of chillers configured to transfer thermal energy from the first refrigerant and the natural gas stream to a second refrigerant. The second compression assembly may be fluidly coupled to the precooler assembly. The second compression assembly may include at least one second refrigerant compressor configured to compress the second refrigerant and circulate the second refrigerant to the plurality of chillers. The second compression assembly may also include at least one driver. The at least one driver may be coupled to the at least one second refrigerant compressor and configured to drive the at least one second refrigerant compressor.

Embodiments of this disclosure may further provide a method for producing liquefied natural gas from a natural gas source. The method may include feeding at least an initial portion of a natural gas stream to a plurality of chillers, and compressing a second refrigerant in at least one second refrigerant compressor. The at least one second refrigerant compressor may be driven by a variable speed drive or a fixed speed motor. The method may also include compressing a single mixed refrigerant in a plurality of first refrigerant compressors. Each of the plurality of first refrigerant compressors may be driven by a respective turbine. The method may further include transferring thermal energy from the single mixed refrigerant and the initial portion of the natural gas stream to the second refrigerant in the plurality of chillers. The method may also include feeding a first portion of the single mixed refrigerant and a first portion of the initial portion of the natural gas stream to a first heat exchanger to cool at least a fraction of the first portion of the natural gas stream flowing therethrough to thereby produce a first portion of the liquefied natural gas. At least one turbine of the plurality of turbines may be an aeroderivative gas turbine, and at least one other turbine of the plurality of turbines may be an industrial gas turbine. An intercooler may fluidly couple at least two first refrigerant compressors of the plurality of first refrigerant compressors.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The present disclosure is best understood from the following detailed description when read with the accompanying Figures. It is emphasized that, in accordance with the standard practice in the industry, various features are not drawn to scale. In fact, the dimensions of the various features may be arbitrarily increased or reduced for clarity of discussion.

FIG. 1 illustrates a process flow diagram of an exemplary liquefaction system for producing liquefied natural gas (LNG) from a natural gas source, according to one or more embodiments disclosed.

FIG. 2 illustrates a process flow diagram of another exemplary liquefaction system for producing LNG from a natural gas source, according to one or more embodiments disclosed.

FIG. 3 illustrates a process flow diagram of another exemplary liquefaction system for producing LNG from a natural gas source, according to one or more embodiments disclosed.

FIG. 4 illustrates a process flow diagram of another exemplary liquefaction system for producing LNG from a natural gas source, according to one or more embodiments disclosed.

FIG. 5 illustrates a process flow diagram of another exemplary liquefaction system for producing LNG from a natural gas source, according to one or more embodiments disclosed.

FIG. 6 illustrates a process flow diagram of another exemplary liquefaction system for producing LNG from a natural gas source, according to one or more embodiments disclosed.

FIG. 7 is a flowchart depicting a method for producing liquefied natural gas, according to one or more embodiments disclosed.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

It is to be understood that the following disclosure describes several exemplary embodiments for implementing different features, structures, or functions of the invention. Exemplary embodiments of components, arrangements, and configurations are described below to simplify the present disclosure; however, these exemplary embodiments are provided merely as examples and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention. Additionally, the present disclosure may repeat reference numerals and/or letters in the various exemplary embodiments and across the Figures provided herein. This repetition is for the purpose of simplicity and clarity and does not in itself dictate a relationship between the various exemplary embodiments and/or configurations discussed in the various Figures. Moreover, the formation of a first feature over or on a second feature in the description that follows may include embodiments in which the first and second features are formed in direct contact and may also include embodiments in which additional features may be formed interposing the first and second features, such that the first and second features may not be in direct contact. Finally, the exemplary embodiments presented below may be combined in any combination of ways, i.e., any element from one exemplary embodiment may be used in any other exemplary embodiment, without departing from the scope of the disclosure.

Additionally, certain terms are used throughout the following description and claims to refer to particular components. As one skilled in the art will appreciate, various entities may refer to the same component by different names, and as such, the naming convention for the elements described herein is not intended to limit the scope of the invention, unless otherwise specifically defined herein. Further, the naming convention used herein is not intended to distinguish between components that differ in name but not function. Additionally, in the following discussion and in the claims, the terms “including” and “comprising” are used in an open-ended fashion, and thus should be interpreted to mean “including, but not limited to.” All numerical values in this disclosure may be exact or approximate values unless otherwise specifically stated. Accordingly, various embodiments of the disclosure may deviate from the numbers, values, and ranges disclosed herein without departing from the intended scope. Furthermore, as it is used in the claims or specification, the term “or” is intended to encompass both exclusive and inclusive cases, i.e., “A or B” is intended to be synonymous with “at least one of A and B,” unless otherwise expressly specified herein.

Example embodiments disclosed herein provide improved systems and methods for producing liquefied natural gas from a natural gas source. Particularly, example embodiments disclosed herein may include improvements to propane pre-cooled mixed refrigerant (C3MR) systems and processes utilized for the production of liquefied natural gas from a natural gas source. As provided herein, each exemplary system and method for producing liquefied natural gas from a natural gas source may include a reduced number of turbines, compressors, and/or coolers as compared to conventional C3MR systems and processes while maintaining substantially similar production of liquefied natural gas. Such a reduction in the number of turbines, compressors, and/or coolers results in reduced capital expenditures, maintenance, and downtime resulting from failure of one or more process components.

Turning now to the Figures, FIG. 1 illustrates a process flow diagram of an exemplary liquefaction system 100 for producing liquefied natural gas (LNG) from a natural gas source 102, according to one or more embodiments. As further discussed herein, the liquefaction system 100 may be configured to receive natural gas or feed gas from the natural gas source 102, direct or flow the feed gas through the liquefaction system 100 in the form of a product or feed gas stream 104 to cool at least a portion of the feed gas to LNG, and discharge or output the LNG. The liquefaction system 100 may also be configured to direct or flow process fluids containing one or more refrigerants through respective refrigerant loops or cycles (e.g., pre-cooling cycle, liquefaction cycle, etc.) to cool at least a portion of the feed gas of the feed gas stream 104.

The natural gas source 102 may be or include a natural gas pipeline, a stranded natural gas wellhead, or the like, or any combination thereof. The natural gas source 102 may contain natural gas at ambient temperature. The natural gas source 102 may contain natural gas having a temperature relatively greater than or relatively less than ambient temperature. The natural gas source 102 may also contain natural gas at a relatively high pressure (e.g., about 3,400 kPa to about 8,400 kPa or greater) or a relatively low pressure (e.g., about 100 kPa to about 3,400 kPa). For example, the natural gas source 102 may be a high pressure natural gas pipeline containing natural gas at a pressure from about 3,400 kPa to about 8,400 kPa or greater. In another example, the natural gas source 102 may be a low pressure natural gas pipeline containing natural gas at a pressure from about 100 kPa to about 3,500 kPa.

The natural gas from the natural gas source 102 may include one or more hydrocarbons. For example, the natural gas may include methane, ethane, propane, butanes, pentanes, or the like, or any combination thereof. Methane may be a major component of the natural gas. For example, the concentration of methane in the natural gas may be greater than about 80%, greater than about 85%, greater than about 90%, or greater than about 95%. The natural gas may also include one or more non-hydrocarbons. For example, the natural gas may be or include a mixture of one or more hydrocarbons and one or more non-hydrocarbons. Illustrative non-hydrocarbons may include, but are not limited to, water, carbon dioxide, helium, nitrogen, mercury, or any combination thereof.

The natural gas may be treated to separate or remove at least a portion of the non-hydrocarbons from the natural gas. For example, the natural gas may be flowed through a separator (not shown) containing one or more adsorbents (e.g., molecular sieves, zeolites, metal-organic frameworks, etc.) configured to at least partially separate one or more of the non-hydrocarbons from the natural gas. In an exemplary embodiment, the natural gas may be treated to separate the non-hydrocarbons (e.g., water and/or carbon dioxide) from the natural gas to increase a concentration of the hydrocarbon and/or prevent the natural gas from subsequently crystallizing (e.g., freezing) in one or more portions of the liquefaction system 100. For example, in one or more portions of the liquefaction system 100, the feed gas containing the natural gas may be cooled to or below a freezing point of one or more of the non-hydrocarbons (e.g., water and/or carbon dioxide). Accordingly, removing water and/or carbon dioxide from the natural gas may prevent the subsequent crystallization of the feed gas in the liquefaction system 100.

As illustrated in FIG. 1, the liquefaction system 100 may include a precooler assembly 106, one or more main heat exchangers (two are shown 108 a, 108 b), and a plurality of compression assemblies 110, 112. The precooler assembly 106 may be fluidly coupled with the natural gas source 102 and configured to flow therethrough the feed gas stream 104. The plurality of compression assemblies 110, 112 may include a precooling compression assembly 110 and a liquefaction compression assembly 112, where each of the precooling compression assembly 110 and the liquefaction compression assembly 112 may be fluidly coupled with at least one of the precooler assembly 106 and the main heat exchangers 108 a, 108 b. For example, as illustrated in FIG. 1 and as will be discussed in further detail below, the precooling compression assembly 110 may be fluidly coupled with the precooler assembly 106 as part of a precooling loop or cycle (indicated by the “. . . ” line). The liquefaction compression assembly 112 may be fluidly coupled with each of the precooler assembly 106 and the main heat exchangers 108 a, 108 b as part of a liquefaction loop or cycle (indicated by the “-⋅-⋅-” line).

The precooling compression assembly 110 may be configured to compress a process fluid directed thereto via the precooling loop. The precooling loop may be a closed-loop refrigerant cycle. The process fluid directed through the precooling loop may be or include a refrigerant. In one or more embodiments, the refrigerant may be a hydrocarbon. Illustrative hydrocarbons may include, but are not limited to, methane, ethane, propane, butanes, pentanes, or the like. Accordingly, in one or more embodiments, the process fluid flowing through the precooling loop may be propane. As discussed above, the precooling compression assembly 110 may be fluidly coupled with the precooler assembly 106 as part of the precooling loop. As such, the precooling compression assembly 110 may compress the process fluid directed thereto from the precooler assembly 106 and discharge the process fluid therefrom to an outlet manifold 114, whereby the process fluid may be directed back to the precooler assembly 106 via the precooling loop. The precooler assembly 106 may include a plurality of chillers 116 a-d configured to transfer thermal energy from the feed gas in the feed gas stream 104 and the contents of the liquefaction loop to the process fluid flowing through the precooling loop, thereby vaporizing at least a portion of the process fluid flowing through the chillers 116 a-d prior to the process fluid being returned to the precooling compression assembly 110. In turn, the feed gas in the feed gas stream 104 and the contents of the liquefaction loop flowing through the precooler assembly 106 may be cooled before entering the main heat exchangers 108 a, 108 b.

The precooling compression assembly 110 may include one or more compressors (four are shown 118 a-d) configured to compress the process fluid flowing through the precooling loop. As shown in FIG. 1, the compressors 118 a-d may be fluidly arranged in parallel with one another and fluidly coupled with the precooler assembly 106 in the precooling loop. Illustrative compressors 118 a-d may include, but are not limited to, supersonic compressors, centrifugal compressors, axial flow compressors, reciprocating compressors, rotating screw compressors, rotary vane compressors, scroll compressors, diaphragm compressors, or the like, or any combination thereof. Each of the compressors 118 a-d may include one or more stages (four shown). For example, each of the compressors 118 a-d may include a first stage, a final stage, and/or one or more intermediate stages disposed between the first stage and the final stage. In some embodiments, one or more stages of each of the compressors 118 a-d may be associated with a respective inlet flange (not shown) of the compressor. Generally, the number of chillers 116 a-d utilized in the precooler assembly 106 may be based on the number of inlet flanges of each of the compressors 118 a-d. The selection of the compressors 118 a-d, and correspondingly, the number of chillers 16 a-d may be based, amongst other factors, on the site ambient temperature and/or the composition of the feed gas.

The precooling compression assembly 110 may also include one or more drivers (four are shown 120 a-d) operatively coupled with and configured to drive each of the compressors 118 a-d and/or the respective compressor stages thereof. For example, as illustrated in FIG. 1, each driver 120 a-d may be coupled with and configured to drive a respective compressor 118 a-d via a respective rotary shaft 122 a-d. Each driver 120 a-d may be a fixed speed motor or a variable speed motor. In one or more embodiments, each driver 120 a-d may be a variable speed drive (VSD). Each of the rotary shafts 122 a-d may be a single segment or may be formed from multiple segments coupled with one another via one or more gears (not shown) and/or one or more couplers. It should be appreciated that the manner of coupling the multiple segments of the rotary shaft 122 a-d may allow each of the multiple segments of the rotary shaft 122 a-d to rotate or spin at the same or different rates or speeds.

The precooling compression assembly 110 may further include one or more aftercoolers (four shown 124 a-d) as part of the precooling loop. As illustrated in FIG. 1, each aftercooler 124 a-d may be fluidly coupled with and downstream from a respective compressors 118 a-d, where the respective outputs from the aftercoolers 124 a-d are collectively discharged into the outlet manifold 114. Each of the aftercoolers 124 a-d may further be fluidly coupled with and disposed upstream from the precooler assembly 106. In one or more embodiments, each of the aftercoolers 124 a-d may be a condenser configured to absorb or remove heat from the process. fluid (e.g., the refrigerant) flowing therethrough. Each of the aftercoolers 124 a-d may be configured to remove at least a portion of the thermal energy or heat generated in the respective compressors 118 a-d. For example, compressing the process fluid (e.g., the refrigerant) in the compressors 118 a-d may generate heat (e.g., heat of compression) in the process fluid, and the aftercoolers 124 a-d may be configured to remove at least a portion of the heat of compression from the process fluid and/or the refrigerants contained therein.

In at least one embodiment, a heat transfer medium may flow through each of the aftercoolers 124 a-d to absorb the heat in the process fluid flowing therethrough. Accordingly, the heat transfer medium may have a higher temperature when discharged from the aftercoolers 124 a-d and the process fluid may have a lower temperature when discharged from the aftercoolers 124 a-d. The heat transfer medium may be or include water, steam, a refrigerant, air, a process gas, such as carbon dioxide, propane, or natural gas, or the like, or any combination thereof. In an exemplary embodiment, the heat transfer medium discharged from each of the aftercoolers 124 a-d may provide supplemental heating to one or more portions and/or assemblies of the liquefaction system 100.

As discussed above, the liquefaction compression assembly 112 may be fluidly coupled with each of the precooler assembly 106 and the main heat exchangers 108 a, 108 b via the liquefaction loop (indicated by the “-⋅-⋅-” line). The liquefaction compression assembly 112 may be configured to compress a process fluid directed thereto via the liquefaction loop from the main heat exchangers 108 a, 108 b and to discharge the compressed process fluid to the precooler assembly 106 via the liquefaction loop. The liquefaction loop may be a closed-loop refrigerant cycle. The process fluid directed through the liquefaction loop may be or include a single mixed refrigerant. The single mixed refrigerant may be a multicomponent fluid mixture containing one or more hydrocarbons. Illustrative hydrocarbons may include, but are not limited to, methane, ethane, propane, butanes, pentanes, or the like, or any combination thereof.

In at least one embodiment, the single mixed refrigerant may be a multicomponent fluid mixture containing one or more hydrocarbons and one or more non-hydrocarbons. For example, the single mixed refrigerant may be or include a mixture of one or more hydrocarbons and one or more non-hydrocarbons. Illustrative non-hydrocarbons may include, but are not limited to, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, argon, or the like, or any combination thereof. In another embodiment, the single mixed refrigerant may be or include a mixture containing one or more non-hydrocarbons. In an exemplary embodiment, the process fluid directed through the liquefaction loop may be a single mixed refrigerant containing methane, ethane, propane, butanes, and/or nitrogen. In at least one embodiment, the single mixed refrigerant may include R42, R410a, or the like.

The liquefaction compression assembly 112 may include a plurality of compressors (six are shown 126 a-f) configured to compress the process fluid directed thereto via the liquefaction loop. As arranged in FIG. 1, the compressors 126 a-f may be fluidly coupled in pairs, such that the discharge of a compressor of the pair may be fed to the inlet of the other compressor of the pair. For example, the process fluid compressed and discharged from compressors 124 a-c may be received by and compressed in compressors 124 d-f, respectively. Such a configuration provides for one compressor in the pair to discharge the compressed process fluid at a lower pressure than the other compressor of the pair. Accordingly, as a pair, one compressor may be referred to as the low pressure compressor and the other compressor of the pair receiving the compressed process fluid from the low pressure compressor may be referred to as the high pressure compressor. Thus, as illustrated in FIG. 1, the compressors 126 a-c may be referred to as low pressure compressors, and the compressors 126 d-f may be referred to as high pressure compressors. In addition, each pair may be fluidly arranged in parallel with the other pairs of the liquefaction compression assembly 112. Accordingly, each pair of the compressors 126 a-f may be fluidly coupled with the main heat exchangers 108 a, 108 b via an inlet manifold 128 and with the precooling assembly via an outlet manifold 130.

The liquefaction compression assembly 112 may also include one or more drivers (six are shown 132 a-f) operatively coupled with and configured to drive each of the compressors 126 a-f and/or the respective compressor stages thereof. For example, as illustrated in FIG. 1, each driver 132 a-f may be coupled with and configured to drive a respective compressor 126 a-f via a rotary shaft 134 a-f. Each of the drivers may be a turbine (e.g., industrial gas turbines, aeroderivative gas turbines, steam turbines, etc. In one embodiment, each driver 132 a-f may be an aeroderivative gas turbine. An exemplary aeroderivative gas turbine may be the Industrial Trent 60 gas turbine manufactured by Siemens A G of Munich, Germany.

In another embodiment, each compressor 126 a-f in the respective pair of compressors 126 a-f is driven by a different type of driver 132 a-f. Accordingly, each driver 132 a-f may have a different power rating. For example, in each pair of compressors 126 a-f, the low pressure compressor 126 a-c may be driven by an aeroderivative gas turbine, such as the Industrial Trent 60 gas turbine, and the high pressure compressor 126 d-f may be driven by an industrial gas turbine. An exemplary industrial gas turbine may be the SGT-750 gas turbine manufactured by Siemens A G of Munich, Germany. Each of the rotary shafts 134 a-f may be a single segment or may be formed from multiple segments coupled with one another via one or more gears (not shown) and/or one or more couplers. It should be appreciated that the manner of coupling the multiple segments of the rotary shaft 134 a-f may allow each of the multiple segments of the rotary shaft 134 a-f to rotate or spin at the same or different rates or speeds.

The liquefaction compression assembly 112 may also include a plurality of coolers or heat exchangers (six are shown 136 a-f) configured to absorb or remove heat from the process fluid (e.g., the single mixed refrigerant) flowing therethrough. The plurality of coolers 136 a-f may include at least one intercooler (three shown 136 a-c), where a respective intercooler 136 a-c may be fluidly coupled with and disposed in between the compressors 126 a-f in each pair of compressors 126 a-f. As shown in FIG. 1, each pair of compressors 126 a-f includes an intercooler 136 a-c disposed therebetween. The plurality of coolers 136 a-f may further include at least one aftercooler (three shown 136 d-f), where a respective aftercooler 136 d-f may be fluidly coupled with a discharge of each pair of compressors 126 a-f. Accordingly, each aftercooler 136 d-f may be fluidly disposed between a respective pair of the compressors 126 a-f and the outlet manifold 130. Each of the aftercoolers 136 d-f may be a condenser. Each cooler 136 a-f of the plurality of coolers 136 a-f may be configured to remove at least a portion of the thermal energy or heat generated in the respective pair of compressors 126 a-f. For example, compressing the process fluid (e.g., the refrigerant) in the compressors 126 a-f may generate heat (e.g., heat of compression) in the process fluid, and the coolers 136 a-f may be configured to remove at least a portion of the heat of compression from the process fluid and/or the refrigerants contained therein.

The liquefaction system 100 may further include one or more liquid separators (two shown 138 a, 138 b) forming part of the liquefaction loop. The liquid separators 138 a, 138 b may be fluidly coupled with and disposed downstream from the chillers 116 a-d of the precooler assembly 106 in the liquefaction loop. For example, as illustrated in FIG. 1, each of the liquid separators 138 a, 138 b may be arranged to receive a respective portion 140 a, 140 b of the process fluid flowing from the precooler assembly 106. Accordingly, each of the liquid separators 138 a, 138 b may be configured to receive a process fluid containing a liquid phase (e.g., a liquid refrigerant) and a gaseous phase (e.g., a vapor or gaseous refrigerant), and separate the liquid phase and the gaseous phase from one another. For example, as further described herein, each of the liquid separators 138 a, 138 b may be configured to separate a liquid phase containing relatively high boiling point refrigerants (e.g., liquid refrigerant) and a gaseous phase containing relatively lower boiling point refrigerants (e.g., a vapor or gaseous refrigerant) from one another. Illustrative liquid separators 138 a, 138 b may include, but are not limited to, scrubbers, liquid-gas separators, rotating separators, stationary separators, or the like.

The main heat exchangers 108 a, 108 b may be fluidly coupled with and disposed downstream from the respective liquid separators 138 a, 138 b and configured to receive one or more process fluids therefrom. For example, as illustrated in FIG. 1, the main heat exchanger 108 a may be fluidly coupled with and disposed downstream from the liquid separator 138 a via line 142 a and line 144 a and configured to receive a process fluid therefrom. Correspondingly, as shown in FIG. 1, the main heat exchanger 108 b may be fluidly coupled with and disposed downstream from the liquid separator 138 b via line 142 b and line 144 b and configured to receive a process fluid therefrom. As arranged, the main heat exchangers 108 a, 108 b may operate in parallel with one another as illustrated in FIG. 1.

In another embodiment, the main heat exchangers 108 a, 108 b may be fluidly coupled with and disposed downstream from a pump (not shown) and configured to receive a process fluid therefrom. The pump may be fluidly coupled with and downstream from the precooler assembly 106 and configured to direct a process fluid containing a liquid phase (e.g., a liquid refrigerant) from the precooler assembly 106 to the main heat exchangers 108 a, 108 b. The pump may be an electrically driven pump, a mechanically driven pump, a variable frequency driven pump, or the like.

As arranged, each of the heat exchangers 108 a, 108 b may be fluidly coupled with and disposed upstream of the liquefaction compression assembly 112 and configured to direct one or more process fluids thereto via the liquefaction loop. For example, as illustrated in FIG. 1, each of the main heat exchangers 108 a, 108 b may be disposed upstream of and fluidly coupled with the liquefaction compression assembly 112 via the inlet manifold 128. As further illustrated in FIG. 1, each of the main heat exchangers 108 a, 108 b may be fluidly coupled with and disposed downstream from the natural gas source 102 and configured to receive at least a respective portion 104 a, 104 b of the feed gas stream 104 therefrom.

Each of the main heat exchangers 108 a, 108 b may be any device capable of directly or indirectly cooling and/or sub-cooling at least a portion of the feed gas flowing therethrough via the feed gas stream 104. For example, each main heat exchanger 108 a, 108 b may be a wound coil heat exchanger, a plate-fin heat exchanger, a shell and tube heat exchanger, a kettle type heat exchanger, or the like. In one or more embodiments, each main heat exchanger 108 a, 108 b may be a wound coil heat exchanger. In at least one embodiment, each main heat exchanger 108 a, 108 b may include one or more regions or zones (two zones are shown for each 146 a, 148 a and 146 b, 148 b). For example, as illustrated in FIG. 1, a first zone 146 a, 146 b of each main heat exchanger 108 a, 108 b may be a pre-cooling zone, and a second zone 148 a, 148 b of each main heat exchanger 108 a, 108 b may be a liquefaction zone. As further described herein, each main heat exchanger 108 a, 108 b may be configured to pre-cool the refrigerants and/or the feed gas flowing through the pre-cooling zone 146 a, 146 b. Each main heat exchanger 108 a, 108 b may also be configured to liquefy at least a portion of the feed gas in the feed gas stream 104 to LNG in the liquefaction zone 148 a, 148 b.

The liquefaction system 100 may include a plurality of expansion elements (four are shown 150 a, 150 b, 152 a, 152 b) configured to receive and expand a process fluid to thereby decrease a temperature and pressure thereof. Illustrative expansion elements 150 a, 150 b, 152 a, 152 b may include, but are not limited to, a turbine or turbo-expander, a geroler, a gerotor, an expansion valve, such as a Joule-Thomson (JT) valve, or the like, or any combination thereof. In at least one embodiment, any of the expansion elements 150 a, 150 b, 152 a, 152 b may be a turbo-expander (not shown) configured to receive and expand a portion of the process fluid to thereby decrease a temperature and pressure thereof. The turbo-expander (not shown) may be configured to convert the pressure drop of the process fluid flowing therethrough to mechanical energy, which may be utilized to drive one or more devices (e.g., generators, compressors, pumps, etc.). In another embodiment, illustrated in FIG. 1, each of the expansion elements 150 a, 150 b, 152 a, 152 b may be an expansion valve, such as a JT valve.

As illustrated in FIG. 1, each of the expansion valves 150 a, 152 a may be fluidly coupled with the main heat exchanger 108 a and configured to receive and expand a process fluid (e.g., the single mixed refrigerant) from the main heat exchanger 108 a to thereby decrease a temperature and pressure thereof. Correspondingly, each of the expansion elements 150 b, 152 b may be fluidly coupled with the main heat exchanger 108 b and configured to receive and expand a process fluid (e.g., the single mixed refrigerant) from the main heat exchanger 108 b to thereby decrease a temperature and pressure thereof. For example, expansion valves 150 a, 150 b may be disposed downstream from the respective heat exchangers 108 a, 108 b via respective lines 154 a and 154 b, and may further be disposed upstream of the respective main heat exchangers 108 a, 108 b via respective lines 156 a and 156 b. In another example, expansion valves 152 a, 152 b may be disposed downstream from the respective main heat exchangers 108 a, 108 b via respective lines 158 a and 158 b, and may further be disposed upstream of the respective main heat exchangers 108 a, 108 b via respective lines 160 a and 160 b. In at least one embodiment, the expansion of the process fluid through any one or more of the expansion valves 150 a, 150 b, 152 a, 152 b may flash the process fluid into a two-phase fluid including a gaseous or vapor phase and a liquid phase.

Turning now to an exemplary operation of the liquefaction system 100, a process fluid containing a refrigerant, such as propane, may be compressed and directed to the aftercoolers 124 a-d, where the process fluid is cooled and condensed. The condensed process fluid may be collectively discharged from the aftercoolers 124 into the outlet manifold 114 of the precooling loop. The condensed process fluid may then be directed into respective chillers 116 a-d. The process fluid may be vaporized in each chiller 116 a-d via the heat transferred thereto from the feed gas stream 104 and the process fluid including a single mixed refrigerant flowing through the liquefaction loop in each of the respective chillers 116 a-d. The process fluid may be discharged from the chillers 116 a-d and fed to respective stages of the compressors 118 a-d for recompression.

In some embodiments, the compressors 118 a-d may be fluidly arranged in parallel. As such, each compressor 118 a-d may be selectively fluidly coupled to the precooling loop via isolating valves (not shown) to allow for one or more compressors 118 a-d to be taken offline while maintaining the precooling loop in operation. In addition, in one or more embodiments, the precooling loop may include a plurality of drums or separators (not shown) configured to separate the liquid and gaseous phases of the refrigerant prior to the refrigerant entering the compressors 118 a-d and/or the chillers 116 a-d. In such embodiments, the precooling loop may include additional lines to redirect the liquid and gaseous phases to the proper components of the precooling loop.

The cycle of compression may be repeated in the precooling loop, thereby creating a propane refrigerant, pre-cooling loop in the exemplary operation of the liquefaction system 100. The precooler assembly 106 thereby is utilized to cool both the single mixed refrigerant in the liquefaction loop flowing therethrough and the feed gas stream 104 flowing therethrough prior to each of the single mixed refrigerant in the liquefaction loop and the feed gas stream 104 entering the main heat exchangers 108 a, 108 b. The operation of the precooling loop may be dependent on the operating characteristics of the liquefaction loop. Conversely, the operation of the liquefaction loop may be dependent on at least the operating characteristics of the precooling loop. For example, the operation of the liquefaction loop may depend at least in part on the volume of refrigerant flowing through the precooling loop. Conversely, the operation of the precooling loop may depend at least in part on the volume of refrigerant flowing through the liquefaction loop.

The cooled single mixed refrigerant exiting the precooler assembly 106 in the liquefaction loop may be split into the two portions 140 a, 140 b and directed to the respective liquid separators 138 a, 138 b. Each of the liquid separators 138 a, 138 b may receive the respective portion 140 a, 140 b of the cooled single mixed refrigerant and separate the cooled single mixed refrigerant into a liquid phase and a gaseous phase. For example, each of the liquid separators 138 a, 138 b may separate at least a portion of the liquid phase containing the condensed portions of the single mixed refrigerant (e.g., the relatively high molecular weight hydrocarbons) from the gaseous phases containing the non-condensed portions of the single mixed refrigerant (e.g., the relatively low molecular weight hydrocarbons). The separated liquid and gaseous phases may then be directed from each of the liquid separators 138 a, 138 b to the respective main heat exchangers 108, 108 b. For the sake of brevity, the operation of only main heat exchanger 108 a will be discussed below; however, those of skill in the art will appreciate that the main heat exchanger 108 b may operate in a similar manner as the manner disclosed in reference to the main heat exchanger 108 a.

As shown in FIG. 1, the liquid phase from the liquid separator 138 a may be directed to the main heat exchanger 108 a as a first portion of the single mixed refrigerant via line 144 a. The gaseous phase from the liquid separator 138 a may be directed to the main heat exchanger 108 a as a second portion of the single mixed refrigerant via line 142 a. The first portion of the single mixed refrigerant (e.g., the liquid phase) may be directed through the pre-cooling zone 146 a of the main heat exchanger 108 a to pre-cool the second portion of the single mixed refrigerant (e.g., the gaseous phase) flowing through the main heat exchanger 108 a. The first portion of the single mixed refrigerant may also be directed through the pre-cooling zone 146 a to pre-cool the feed gas flowing through the feed gas stream 104 a. The first portion of the single mixed refrigerant may then be directed to the expansion valve 152 a via line 158 a, and the expansion valve 152 a may expand the first portion of the single mixed refrigerant to thereby decrease the temperature and pressure thereof. The first portion of the single mixed refrigerant from the expansion valve 152 a may then be combined with the second portion of the single mixed refrigerant exiting the liquefaction zone 148 a and directed to and through the main heat exchanger 108 a from line 160 a to provide further cooling or pre-cooling to the second portion of the single mixed refrigerant and/or the feed gas flowing through the precooling zone 146 a of the main heat exchanger 108 a.

The second portion of the single mixed refrigerant (e.g., the gaseous phase) from the liquid separator 138 a may be directed through the pre-cooling zone 146 a of the main heat exchanger 108 a via line 142 a. As discussed above, the second portion of the single mixed refrigerant flowing through the main heat exchanger 108 a from line 142 a may be pre-cooled by the first portion of the single mixed refrigerant in the pre-cooling zone 146 a. The pre-cooled second portion of the single mixed refrigerant may then be directed through the liquefaction zone 148 a cooling the feed gas stream 104 and flowing to the expansion valve 150 a via line 154 a, and the expansion valve 150 a may expand the second portion of the single mixed refrigerant to thereby decrease the temperature and pressure thereof. The second portion of the single mixed refrigerant from the expansion valve 150 a may then be directed back to and through the liquefaction zone 148 a of the main heat exchanger 108 a via line 156 a to further cool at least a portion of the feed gas flowing through the feed gas stream 104 a. The second portion of the single mixed refrigerant may then be combined with the first portion of the single mixed refrigerant as discussed above and returned to the precooling zone 146 a. In at least one embodiment, the first and second portions of the single mixed refrigerant flowing through the main heat exchanger 108 a may sufficiently cool at least a portion of the feed gas flowing through the feed gas stream 104 to LNG. The LNG produced may be discharged from the main heat exchanger 108 a via line 162. The discharged LNG in line 162 may be directed to a storage tank (not shown) via a flow control valve (not shown).

The heated or “spent” first portion of the single mixed refrigerant and the “spent” second portion of the single mixed refrigerant from each of the heat exchangers 108 a, 108 b may be collectively directed to the liquefaction compression assembly 112. The “spent” first and second portions of the single mixed refrigerant from the main heat exchangers 108, 108 b may be split into three flow portions in the inlet manifold 128, where each flow portion is directed to the respective low pressure compressor 126 a-c of the pairs of compressors 126 a-f fluidly arranged in parallel in the liquefaction compression assembly 112. The single mixed refrigerant may be compressed in each flow portion and fed to a respective intercooler 136 a-c. Each of the intercoolers 136 a-c may be disposed between respective low pressure compressors 126 a-c and high pressure compressors 126 d-f of the liquefaction compression assembly 112. The single mixed refrigerant may be cooled in each intercooler 136 a-c and fed to a respective high pressure compressor 126 d-f. Each of the compressors 126 a-f in the liquefaction compression assembly 112 may be driven by separate drivers 132 a-f. In one embodiment, each of the low pressure compressors 126 a-c may be driven by an aeroderivative gas turbine, and each of the high pressure compressors 126 d-f may be driven by an industrial gas turbine. The single mixed refrigerant discharged from each of the high pressure compressors 126 d-f may be fed through a respective aftercooler 136 d-f, where each flow portion of the single mixed refrigerant may be cooled. The respective flow portions may then be collectively discharged into the outlet manifold 130 and directed to the precooler assembly 106 via the liquefaction loop. The compressed process fluid containing the single mixed refrigerant may then be re-directed through the liquefaction loop as described above.

Referring now to FIG. 2 with continued reference to FIG. 1, FIG. 2 illustrates a process flow diagram of another exemplary liquefaction system 200 for producing LNG from the natural gas source 102, according to one or more embodiments disclosed. The liquefaction system 200 may be similar in some respects to the liquefaction system 100 described above and thus may be best understood with reference to FIG. 1 and the description thereof, where like numerals designate like components and will not be described again in detail. In the liquefaction system 200 of FIG. 2, the liquefaction system 200 may be configured to operate with a single main heat exchanger 208. The main heat exchanger 208 may be sized and configured to cool the volume of feed gas provided thereto. In one or more embodiments, the main heat exchanger 208 may be sized and configured such that the main heat exchanger 208 is capable of receiving and cooling a greater volume of feed gas to LNG than either of the two main heat exchangers 108 a and 108 b depicted in FIG. 1. Accordingly, the single main heat exchanger 208 may be sized and configured to cool at least an equivalent volume of feed gas to LNG as the combined volume of feed gas cooled to LNG in the main heat exchangers 108 a and 108 b of FIG. 1. Thus, as illustrated, the main heat exchanger 208 in FIG. 2 may be used in place of the main heat exchangers 108 a and 108 b, and may be fluidly coupled with and downstream from the precooling assembly 106 and a single liquid separator 238 via lines 242 and 244, and further disposed upstream of and fluidly coupled with the liquefaction compression assembly 112 via the inlet manifold 128.

Referring now to FIG. 3 with continued reference to FIG. 1, FIG. 3 illustrates a process flow diagram of another exemplary liquefaction system 300 for producing LNG from the natural gas source 102, according to one or more embodiments disclosed. The liquefaction system 300 may be similar in some respects to the liquefaction system 100 described above and thus may be best understood with reference to FIG. 1 and the description thereof, where like numerals designate like components and will not be described again in detail. In the liquefaction system 300 of FIG. 3, the liquefaction system 300 includes a precooling compression assembly 310 having two compressors 318 a and 318 b fluidly arranged in parallel, where each compressor 318 a, 318 b is fluidly coupled to a respective aftercooler 324 a, 324 b. Each of the two compressors 318 a and 318 b may be capable of receiving and compressing a greater volume of process fluid than any of the four compressors 118 a-d depicted in FIG. 1. For example, the two compressors 318 a, 318 b may be sized and configured to compress at least an equivalent volume of the process fluid as the combined volume of process gas compressed in the four compressors 118 a-d of FIG. 1. As such, the two aftercoolers 324 a and 324 b may be configured to cool the volume of process fluid provided thereto from respective compressors 318 a and 318 b and collectively discharge the process fluid to manifold 314, where the process fluid may be directed to the precooler assembly.

Referring now to FIG. 4, FIG. 4 illustrates a process flow diagram of another exemplary liquefaction system 400 for producing LNG from the natural gas source 102, according to one or more embodiments disclosed. The liquefaction system 400 may be similar in some respects to the liquefaction systems 100 and 300 described above and thus may be best understood with reference to FIGS. 1 and 3 and the description thereof, where like numerals designate like components and will not be described again in detail. In the liquefaction system 400 of FIG. 4, the liquefaction system 400 includes a liquefaction compression assembly 412 having a high pressure compressor header 420 fluidly coupling the discharged compressed process fluid from each of the low pressure compressors 126 a-c.

Referring now to FIG. 5, FIG. 5 illustrates a process flow diagram of another exemplary liquefaction system 500 for producing LNG from the natural gas source 102, according to one or more embodiments disclosed. The liquefaction system 500 may be similar in some respects to the liquefaction systems 100 and 200 described above and thus may be best understood with reference to FIGS. 1 and 2 and the description thereof, where like numerals designate like components and will not be described again in detail. As illustrated in FIG. 5, the liquefaction system 500 may include a plurality of liquefaction subsystems (three shown 502 a-c) fluidly coupled to the natural gas source 102 and configured to cool at least a portion of the feed gas provided therefrom to LNG. In at least one other embodiment, the liquefaction subsystem 500 may include more than three liquefaction subsystems. The feed gas stream 104 may be divided into a plurality of feed gas stream portions (three shown 104 a-c). Each of the feed gas stream portions 104 a-c may be equivalent in volume to one another, or in some embodiments, one or more of the feed gas stream portions 104 a-c may be greater in volume than the other feed gas stream portion(s) 104 a-c.

As illustrated in FIG. 5, each feed gas stream portion 104 a-c may be fluidly coupled to and may feed a respective liquefaction subsystem 502 a-c. Each liquefaction subsystem 502 a-c may be similar to the liquefaction system 200. However, in place of the four compressors 118 a-d in the precooling compression assembly 110, each liquefaction subsystem 502 a-c may include a precooling compression assembly 506 having a single compressor 518 and aftercooler 524 as part of the precooling loop. The compressor 518 may have four stages in fluid communication with and receiving the process fluid from the four chillers 116 a-d for compression. As noted above, the number of stages of the compressor 518 and the number of chillers 116 a-d may vary based, amongst other factors, on the site ambient temperature and/or the composition of the feed gas. The compressor 518 may compress the process fluid and discharge the compressed process fluid to be cooled in the aftercooler 524 before being directed back to the precooler assembly 106. Each liquefaction subsystem 502 a-c may further include a liquefaction compression assembly 512 having a single pair of low pressure and high pressure compressors 526 a and 526 b. An intercooler 536 a may be disposed between the low pressure compressor 526 a and the high pressure compressor 526 b and an aftercooler 536 d may be fluidly coupled with the discharge of the high pressure compressor 526 b. Each of the liquefaction subsystems 502 a-c may have a single main heat exchanger 508 similar to the main heat exchanger of FIG. 2. As configured, the liquefaction system 500 of FIG. 5 may cool an equivalent volume of feed gas as the liquefaction systems 100 provided above.

Referring now to FIG. 6, FIG. 6 illustrates a process flow diagram of another exemplary liquefaction system 600 for LNG from the natural gas source 102, according to one or more embodiments disclosed. The liquefaction system 600 may be similar in some respects to the liquefaction systems 100, 200, 300, and 500 described above and thus may be best understood with reference to FIGS. 1-3 and 5 and the description thereof, where like numerals designate like components and will not be described again in detail. As illustrated in FIG. 6, the liquefaction system 600 may include a plurality of liquefaction subsystems 602 a, 602 b fluidly coupled to the natural gas source 102 and configured to cool at least a portion of the feed gas provided therefrom to LNG. The feed gas stream 104 may be divided into a plurality of feed gas stream portions 104 a, 104 b. Each of the feed gas stream portions 104 a, 104 b may be equivalent in volume to one another, or in some embodiments, one feed gas stream portion 104 a or 104 b may be greater in volume than the other feed gas stream portion 104 a or 104 b.

As illustrated in FIG. 6, each feed gas stream portion 104 a, 104 b may be fluidly coupled to and may feed a respective liquefaction subsystem 602 a, 602 b. Each liquefaction subsystem 602 a, 602 b may be similar to the liquefaction system 300 in that each liquefaction subsystem 602 a, 602 b may include a precooling compression assembly 610 having two compressors 618 a and 618 b fluidly arranged in parallel and fluidly coupled to respective aftercoolers 624 a and 624 b. Each compressor 618 a, 618 b may have four stages in fluid communication with and receiving the process fluid from the four chillers 116 a-d for compression. As noted above, the number of stages of the compressors 618 a, 618 b and the number of chillers 116 a-d may vary based, amongst other factors, on the site ambient temperature and/or the composition of the feed gas. Each compressor 618 a, 618 b may compress the process fluid and discharge the compressed process fluid to be cooled in the respective aftercooler 624 a, 624 b and condensed in one or more embodiments. The condensed process fluid may be collectively discharged to an outlet manifold 614 before being directed back to the precooler assembly 106. Each liquefaction subsystem 602 a, 602 b may further include a liquefaction compression assembly 612 having two pairs of low pressure and high pressure compressors 626 a, 626 b and 626 c, 626 d fluidly arranged in parallel with one another. A respective intercooler 636 a 636 b may be disposed between the low pressure compressor 626 a, 626 b and the high pressure compressor 626 c, 626 d of each pair of compressors 626 a-d and a respective aftercooler 636 c, 636 d may be fluidly coupled with the discharge of each of the high pressure compressors 626 c, 626 d. Each of the liquefaction subsystems 602 a, 602 b may have a single main heat exchanger 608 similar to the main heat exchanger of FIG. 2. As configured, the liquefaction system 600 of FIG. 6 may cool an equivalent volume of feed gas as the liquefaction system 100 provided above.

FIG. 7 illustrates a flowchart of a method 700 for producing liquefied natural gas, according to one or more embodiments. The method 700 may include feeding at least an initial portion of a natural gas stream to a plurality of chillers, as shown at 702. The method 700 may also include compressing a first refrigerant in at least one first refrigerant compressor, the at least one first refrigerant compressor driven by a variable speed drive or a fixed speed motor, as shown at 704. The method 700 may further include compressing a single mixed refrigerant in a plurality of second refrigerant compressors, each of the plurality of second refrigerant compressors being driven by a respective turbine, as shown at 706. The method 700 may also include transferring thermal energy from the single mixed refrigerant and the initial portion of the natural gas stream to the first refrigerant in the plurality of chillers, as shown at 708. The method 700 may also include feeding a first portion of the single mixed refrigerant and a first portion of the initial portion of the natural gas stream to a first heat exchanger to cool at least a fraction of the first portion of the natural gas stream flowing therethrough to thereby produce a first portion of the liquefied natural gas, as shown at 710.

The method 700 may also include feeding a second portion of the single mixed refrigerant and a second portion of the initial portion of the natural gas stream to a second heat exchanger to cool at least a fraction of the second portion of the natural gas stream flowing therethrough to thereby produce a second portion of the liquefied natural gas. The method 700 may also include cooling the first refrigerant in an aftercooler after compressing the first refrigerant in the at least one first refrigerant compressor and prior to the first refrigerant being circulated to the plurality of chillers.

It should be appreciated that the ability to reduce the number of process components including turbines, compressors, and/or coolers may reduce the cost, energy consumption, and/or complexity of the liquefaction systems 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600. For example, the ability to power the compressors of the precooling compression assembly with fixed speed motors or variable speed drives may reduce the number of compressors utilized in the liquefaction systems 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, as the medium pressure compressor utilized in a conventional liquefaction compression assembly may be omitted. In addition, driving the compressors of the precooling compression assembly with fixed speed motors or variable speed drives may reduce the number of turbines comparatively used in conventional precooling compression assemblies. In another example, the ability to simplify intercooling in the liquefaction compression assembly by reducing the number of intercoolers may reduce cost, energy consumption, and/or complexity of the liquefaction systems 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600. The foregoing may be achieved by utilizing a single intercooler between the low and high pressure compressors instead of utilizing one intercooler between the low pressure and medium pressure compressors, and another intercooler between the medium pressure and high pressure compressors as is typically provided in conventional liquefaction compression assemblies.

The foregoing has outlined features of several embodiments listed below so that those skilled in the art may better understand the present disclosure. Those skilled in the art should appreciate that they may readily use the present disclosure as a basis for designing or modifying other processes and structures for carrying out the same purposes and/or achieving the same advantages of the embodiments introduced herein. Those skilled in the art should also realize that such equivalent constructions do not depart from the scope of the present disclosure, and that they may make various changes, substitutions and alterations herein without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. 

1. A liquefaction system comprising: a first heat exchanger configured to receive a natural gas stream from a natural gas source and cool at least a first portion of the natural gas stream to liquefied natural gas; a first compression assembly fluidly coupled to the first heat exchanger and configured to circulate a first refrigerant through the first heat exchanger to cool the first portion of the natural gas stream to the liquefied natural gas, the first compression assembly comprising a plurality of first refrigerant compressors configured to compress the first refrigerant; and a plurality of turbines configured to drive the plurality of first refrigerant compressors; a precooler assembly fluidly coupled to the first compression assembly and the first heat exchanger and configured to cool the natural gas stream and the first refrigerant compressed by the plurality of first refrigerant compressors prior to the natural gas stream entering the first heat exchanger, the precooler assembly comprising a plurality of chillers configured to transfer thermal energy from the first refrigerant and the natural gas stream to a second refrigerant; and a second compression assembly fluidly coupled to the precooler assembly and comprising a plurality of second refrigerant compressors configured to compress the second refrigerant and circulate the second refrigerant to the plurality of chillers; and a plurality of drivers, each driver coupled to at least one of the second refrigerant compressors and configured to drive at least one of the second refrigerant compressors; and wherein the first refrigerant is a single mixed refrigerant; the plurality of first refrigerant compressors comprises six first refrigerant compressors; the plurality of turbines comprises six turbines, each turbine being coupled to a respective first refrigerant compressor; and at least one turbine is an aeroderivative gas turbine, and at least one other turbine is an industrial gas turbine, wherein the first compression assembly in particular further comprises three intercoolers, each intercooler of the three intercoolers fluidly coupling two first refrigerant compressors of the six refrigerant compressors.
 2. The liquefaction system of claim 1, wherein each driver of the plurality of drivers is a fixed speed motor or a variable speed drive.
 3. The liquefaction system of claim 1, wherein: the plurality of second refrigerant compressors comprises two or four second refrigerant compressors; and the plurality of drivers comprises two or four drivers, respectively, each driver being coupled to a respective second refrigerant compressor.
 4. The liquefaction system of claim 1, wherein: the second refrigerant comprises propane; the plurality of chillers comprises four chillers; and each second refrigerant compressor comprises four stages, each stage of the second refrigerant compressor being in fluid communication with a respective chiller of the four chillers.
 5. The liquefaction system of claim 1, wherein the second compression assembly further comprises a plurality of aftercoolers, each aftercooler fluidly coupling a respective second refrigerant compressor with a respective chiller of the plurality of chillers. source, comprising:
 6. A method for producing liquefied natural gas from a natural gas source, comprising: feeding at least an initial portion of a natural gas stream to a plurality of chillers; compressing a second refrigerant in at least one second refrigerant compressor, the at least one second refrigerant compressor driven by a variable speed drive or a fixed speed motor; compressing a single mixed refrigerant in a plurality of first refrigerant compressors, each of the plurality of first refrigerant compressors being driven by a respective turbine, transferring thermal energy from the single mixed refrigerant and the initial portion of the natural gas stream to the second refrigerant in the plurality of chillers; and feeding a first portion of the single mixed refrigerant and a first portion of the initial portion of the natural gas stream to a first heat exchanger to cool at least a fraction of the first portion of the natural gas stream flowing therethrough to thereby produce a first portion of the liquefied natural gas; wherein at least one turbine of the plurality of turbines is an aeroderivative gas turbine, and at least one other turbine of the plurality of turbines is an industrial gas turbine; and an intercooler fluidly couples at least two first refrigerant compressors of the plurality of first refrigerant compressors.
 7. The method of claim 6, wherein compressing the second refrigerant in at least one second refrigerant compressor further comprises compressing the second refrigerant in a plurality of second refrigerant compressors, and each second refrigerant compressor is driven by a respective variable speed drive. 